Excess and deficiency
- Hormones cause a wide range of medical conditions.
- excess – too much ex. hyperthyroidism
- Something which inhibits the production of hormones is needed.
- deficiency (adj=deficient) – too little ex. hypothyroidism
- Replacement therapy is needed.
- excess – too much ex. hyperthyroidism
Negative feedbeck system

1 | hypothalamus |
2 | pituitary |
3 | thyroid |
4 | bloodstream |
5 | TRH (thyrotrophin-releasing hormone) |
6 | TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) |
7 | T4 (thyroxine) T3 (triiodothyronine) |
8 | negative feedbeck |
- TRH
- – is secreted セクリィティッド in the hypothalamus.
- – triggers the production of TSH.
- TSH
- – stimulate the TSH receptor in the thyroid.
- – increases synthesis シィンthェシィス of both T4 and T3.
- – release stored hormones.
- T3
- – feed back on the pituitary and hypothalamus to inhibit secreation of TRH and TSH.
Goiter
An enlarged thyroid is called a goiter : 甲状腺腫
- The enlargement may be
- diffuse ディフュース – involving most of the gland
- a palpable thrill – vibration felt with the hand
- a audible bruit – noise heard through a stethoscope
- localized – limited to a particular area, as in a solitary nodule ノジュル : 小瘤
- diffuse ディフュース – involving most of the gland
Major endocrine glands

1 | pineal gland 松果体 – melatonin |
2 | pituitary gland 脳下垂体 – TRH, GH, IGF-1 |
3 | thyroid gland – T3, T4 parathyroid gland – PTH (regulate calcium) |
4 | thymus 胸腺 – thymopoietin |
5 | adrenal gland 副腎 – adrenaline |
6 | pancreas – insulin |
7 | ovary – estrogen, progesterone |
8 | testis – testosterone |
Today’s new words
English | Japanese |
synthesis | 合成 |
gland | 腺 |
diffuse (adj) | 広がった、拡散した |
solitary | 一つの、孤立した |
endocrinologist | 内分泌学者 |
overactive | 活動しすぎる |
palpitation | 動悸 |
heat intolerance | 熱不耐 |
fine tremor | 微小振戦 |
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